For the characterizing dialectic, Engels wrote: “Fundamental laws: transformation out-of wide variety and you may quality-common entrance off polar opposites and you may conversion towards both whenever sent to extremes; innovation as a consequence of contradiction, otherwise negation regarding negation; [and] the brand new spiral particular invention” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic thus suggested a broad become out-of count, nature, area, and you will brain (noticed in Greek pure viewpoints); a become of those entities in the form of logical categories (Platonism, Hegel); the new training out-of correct issues and you will solutions and of conflict (Socrates, brand new Stoics); an ailment of becoming and its own replacement for by a distinct and unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno off Elea); the new philosophy of realistically growing, probable axioms, judgments, and you can results (Aristotle): the fresh new systematic exhaustion of all of the illusions regarding people reasoning, and therefore inconsistently strives with the a complete wholeness so because of this disintegrates for the contradictions (Kant); the subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you may absolutist (Hegel) beliefs of the soul (Geist), as conveyed regarding the as out-of kinds.
Grams. Belinskii, A beneficial. I. Herzen, and you may Letter. G. Chernyshevskii reached an excellent materialist dialectic. Weighed against Hegel, they derived leading edge conclusions on facts off eternal action and you can development: in their mind dialectic is the fresh new “algebra regarding trend” (select An effective. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois beliefs after Hegel became from the success from the section of dialectic that were attained from inside the opinions. Hegels dialectic is actually refuted by a number of philosophers given that “sophistry,” a keen “error inside the reasoning,” plus an excellent “diseased perversion of head” (Roentgen. Haym, A. Trendelenburg, and you may Age. von Hartmann). From the Neo-Kantianism of your own Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. Natorp) the brand new dialectic out-of “abstract details” are changed by the “reason of your statistical notion of setting,” and therefore lead to an effective negation of your notion of substance and you will to help you “real idealism.” Neo-Hegelianism arrive at the thus-named negative dialectic, saying your contradictions revealed into the basics attest on the https://datingranking.net/blackpeoplemeet-review/ nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of their items. The fresh new unity away from opposites is replaced by the a unity from coexisting, second issues in the interest of attaining a combination of real information (F. Bradley). Dialectic in addition to emerged given that a mixing from opposites, with the help of absolute intuition (B. Croce, R. Kroner, and i. A good. Ilin). H. Bergson advanced a demand on the irrational and you may strictly instinctual merging out of opposites, a combo is addressed as the a great “miracle.” Inside existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the fresh dialectic is realized relativistically, since the a more or less opportunity build from awareness. Characteristics is recognized as brand new industries out of “positivist cause,” whereas community is known in the form of “dialectical need,” which comes its values away from peoples understanding and private basic experiences out-of individuals. Almost every other existentialists (G. Marcel, Yards. Buber) clean out dialectic theologically, once the a network regarding issues and answers ranging from understanding and being. Information out of a bad dialectic conceived since a complete assertion regarding truth and never leading to an alternative synthesis have been developed by the T. Adorno and you may H. Marcuse.
A continuously materialist translation out of dialectic is actually provided with K. Marx and you can F. Engels, brand new creators of the doctrine out of dialectical materialism. Immediately following significantly going over the newest achievement away from before dialectic, Marx and Engels used their doctrine on the reworking off philosophy, governmental savings, and records and the foundation out-of a policy and you can programs towards experts path. V. I. Lenin made an excellent contribution with the growth of materialist dialectic. The fresh new classics from Marxism-Leninism esteem materialist dialectic since philosophy out-of common interconnections and you can probably the most general statutes out-of growth of becoming and you may consider.
I. Herzen, Sobr
Materialist dialectic is expressed into the a network from classes and you can laws. 1). Legislation of one’s unity and argument regarding opposites occupies an excellent unique place one of the legislation of the dialectic; Lenin named they the new main key of dialectic.
