Pointers is inspired by Robert Hoberman (individual communications). That it seems to be generally user of your Jewish languages out-of a great many other cities associated with part also, and additionally Aqra and you may Rawanduz.
However, in this dialect discover a very strange changes out of h to h about third person singular possessive suffixes: resIh ‘his head’
Azerbaijan (Azer): The text of one’s Jews from Iranian Azerbaijan, along with organizations for the Urmi, Salmas, Basqale, Mahabad, and you may Yuksekova. Information is out-of Garbell (1965).
Halabja (Hala): What of one’s Jews out of Halabja into the Iran-Iraq edging. This is extremely close to the Jewish dialects of other urban centers of the region, together with Saqqiz, Suleimaniya, Sanandaj, Baneh, and you will Panjwin. Pointers arises from my cards.
We will examine these languages regarding twenty-five phonological, morphological, morpho-lexical, and you may lexical conditions. Pursuing the Hetzron (1976, 98), you will find picked only designs due to the fact standards to possess group. We have chose a good disproportionate quantity of morphological standards, and then we should let them have unique weight, once again pursuing the Hetzron, but other common innovations might possibly be considered as well.
Mention and the more difficult preservation and also insertion off when you look at the Koy Sanjaq advertised by Hoberman (1985)
Even as we examine the latest languages of NENA we are going to you will need to dictate the fresh new the quantity that the fresh new languages express a definite trend and that differs from Turoyo and you may Mandaic. At the same time https://datingranking.net/es/elite-dating-es/, we are going to pick bundles off isoglosses within this NENA.
(1) Be concerned can be penultimate in every the fresh new NA dialects, as well as Turoyo and you will Mandaic although not on the about three easternmost Jewish dialects, Jewish Azerbaijani, Koy Sanjaq, and you can Halabja, which often be concerned the very last syllable. This type of languages see, in this way, as with additional (Garbell 1965), to show an abnormally good determine out of Kurdish.
(2) Every NENA languages provides combined h and x. Inside Hertevin as a result, h, and every-where more it’s x: Hertevin haye ‘life’ (Jastrow 1988, 189) and you may dmehli ‘I slept’ (Jastrow 1988, 18), Tkhuma xa:[Theta]good ‘new’, Jilu ptIxli ‘I opened’ (Fox 1992, 45), and you will +damxotu ‘you sleep’ (Fox 1992, 55).(4)
Each other Turoyo and you can Mandaic retain independent h and you can x. Certain NENA languages features reintroduced h due to the fact a borrowing from the bank of Kurdish otherwise Arabic otherwise from Ancient Syriac otherwise Hebrew.(5) Although not, brand new inherited words constantly suggests x. Such as, when you look at the Tisqopa you can find borrowed Arabic terms, such as for example sahabi ‘friend’, with h, but handed down words such as laxma ‘bread’ constantly inform you x. (6)
(3) All of the NENA dialects except Hertevin and you may Zakho have forfeit extremely circumstances regarding passed on. Instance, in the Aradhin we find arba ‘four’, upra ‘earth’ comparable to Syriac arb a beneficial and you will afra. In the Hertevin as well as in Zakho, inherited is regularly ?: Hertevin thus?a great ‘seven’ (Jastrow 1988, 99), Zakho sme?la ‘she heard’ (Meehan and you can Alon 1979, 189). In a lot of almost every other dialects most are maintained as the ?, and you will, throughout the rest, is fully gone totally. Specific languages have reintroduced borrowed out of Arabic otherwise Kurdish. For example, Halabja possess ayza ‘good’.
(4) Inside the earlier dialects of Aramaic, like in Tiberian Hebrew, t became [Theta] once a vowel. So it alternation could have been lexicalized when you look at the NENA, which have either t otherwise [Theta] dispersed compliment of entire paradigms, if or not preceded of the an effective vowel or otherwise not. Like, inside the Aradhin new verb ‘come’ is now offering [Theta] throughout: a[Theta]ya ‘it (fem.) comes’, plus [Theta]e:los angeles ‘she came’ (Krotkoff 1982, 70, 74). Further, in a number of languages brand new phoneme [Theta] enjoys undergone extra changes. In certain languages [Theta] features matched back into t, plus someone else it’s become s otherwise l.(7) In one single dialect, Jilu, it is h after which started removed but at start of a term. The three easternmost Jewish languages express the new stunning move of [Theta] to at least one. The outcomes ones changes can be seen from the term ‘house’ and this seems in numerous dialects since the be:[Thetgood]an excellent (Tkhuma), biya (Jilu), beta (Hertevin), bela (Halabja), and besa (Sanandaj Religious).
