For the characterizing dialectic, Engels wrote: “Fundamental laws: transformation out-of wide variety and you may quality-common entrance off polar opposites and you may conversion towards both whenever sent to extremes; innovation as a consequence of contradiction, otherwise negation regarding negation; [and] the brand new spiral particular invention” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p
Pre-Marxist dialectic thus suggested a broad become out-of count, nature, area, and you will brain (noticed in Greek pure viewpoints); a become of those entities in the form of logical categories (Platonism, Hegel); the new training out-of correct issues and you will solutions and of conflict (Socrates, brand new Stoics); an ailment of becoming and its own replacement for by a distinct and unknowable mutliplicity (Zeno off Elea); the new philosophy of realistically growing, probable axioms, judgments, and you can results (Aristotle): the fresh new systematic exhaustion of all of the illusions regarding people reasoning, and therefore inconsistently strives with the a complete wholeness so because of this disintegrates for the contradictions (Kant); the subjectivist (Fichte), objectivist (Schelling), and you may absolutist (Hegel) beliefs of the soul (Geist), as conveyed regarding the as out-of kinds. Continue reading Regarding the 19th century the fresh new Russian innovative democrats V