Grams. Belinskii, A great. I. Herzen, and you may Letter. Grams. Chernyshevskii contacted a materialist dialectic. Compared with Hegel, they derived cutting edge findings from the info of endless actions and you can development: for them dialectic was the “algebra out-of wave” (come across An excellent. We. Herzen, Sobr. soch. vol. 9, 1956, p. 23). Bourgeois values once Hegel turned into off the profits regarding area of dialectic that had been achieved within the opinions. Hegels dialectic is actually refuted by several philosophers because “sophistry,” a keen “error into the reasoning,” as well as a good “diseased perversion out-of head” (Roentgen. Haym, An excellent. Trendelenburg, and Elizabeth. von Hartmann). Throughout the Neo-Kantianism of your Marburg University (H. Cohen, P. ” Neo-Hegelianism arrived at brand new therefore-titled negative dialectic, asserting your contradictions shown into the rules testify for the nonreality, otherwise “seemingness,” of its stuff. This new unity regarding opposites is actually changed by good unity out-of coexisting, secondary factors for the sake of achieving an integration of knowledge (F. Bradley). Dialectic plus emerged as a blending away from opposites, with natural intuition (B. Croce, R. Kroner, and i. Good. Ilin). H. Bergson cutting-edge a demand towards unreasonable and you will strictly instinctive consolidating from opposites, a combo are treated because the a good “miracle.” Inside the existentialism (K. Jaspers, J. P. Sartre) the fresh new dialectic are realized relativistically, once the an about options design regarding awareness. Character is considered as new sphere off “positivist cause,” whereas neighborhood known in the shape of “dialectical reason,” and that derives the principles from individual awareness and the private simple enjoy off humans. Most other existentialists (Grams. Marcel, Yards. Buber) clean out dialectic theologically, as the a network out-of inquiries and solutions ranging from awareness and being. Records off an awful dialectic conceived since an entire denial out of truth and never ultimately causing a unique synthesis have been designed by T. Adorno and you may H. Marcuse.
A continuously materialist interpretation of dialectic is provided with K. Marx and you may F. Engels, the fresh creators of your own doctrine off dialectical materialism. Just after vitally going over the fresh victory from before dialectic, Marx and Engels used their doctrine into the reworking out of beliefs, political benefit, and you can record in order to the origin from an insurance policy and you will projects towards the professionals course. V. We. Lenin produced a great share on growth of materialist dialectic. New classics out-of Marxism-Leninism regard materialist dialectic just like the philosophy out-of common interconnections and you can the absolute most general laws and regulations from growth of adam4adam free app getting and thought.
Natorp) new dialectic away from “abstract suggestions” was replaced by “reasoning of mathematical idea of setting,” and this triggered an excellent negation of the thought of substance and you will so you can “physical idealism
In the characterizing dialectic, Engels authored: “Head laws and regulations: transformation from numbers and you can quality-common entrance regarding polar opposites and you can sales to the both when transmitted to extremes; invention compliment of contradiction, or negation regarding negation; [and] the brand new spiral types of development” (Dialektika prirody, 1969, p. 1). Regulations of your own unity and you may dispute from opposites uses up an effective unique lay among most of the rules of one’s dialectic; Lenin titled it brand new main center of your own dialectic.
Materialist dialectic try conveyed inside the a system off kinds and statutes
The main of your common interconnection regarding phenomena is designated by Lenin as among the essentials of the dialectic. And this the following methodological completion: to truly see an object, one must seize it and read it out-of all corners, along with its interconnections and mediacies. For the characterizing dialectic once the dent you to repeats, because it was in fact, stages which have already been passed through but repeats her or him inside a different ways, into the a high basis (the brand new negation of negation); an information, as we say, you to definitely proceeds from inside the spirals, maybe not in the a straight line; an information by leaps, catastrophes, and innovations; get down continuity; the fresh transformation out of quantity towards the top quality; interior impulses into advancement, imparted by contradiction and you will conflict of the various forces and inclinations pretending abreast of confirmed muscles, otherwise within certain people; the brand new interdependence in addition to nearest and you can indissoluble connection of all of the issue of every phenomenon … a connection that give a great uniform and you may universal procedure of motion, one which observe specific guidelines; a number of the options that come with dialectics, just like the a damage that is richer than the conventional one” (Poln. sobr. soch., 5th ed., vol. 26, p. 55).